Adamantane is a tricyclic molecule; the fused
double, or triple. In alkanes, any non-carbon bond will be to a hydrogen, which is referred to as saturating a carbon with hydrogen. Alkynes contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. ultraviolet light. Extending
All the carbon atoms present in an alkane are \(sp^3\) hybridized that is, every carbon atom forms four sigma bonds with carbon or hydrogen atoms. have the general formula CnH2n+2. For example, halogens add to the double bond in an alkene instead of replacing hydrogen, as occurs in an alkane: Example \(\PageIndex{5}\): Alkene Reactivity and Naming. Most of the monomers that go into common plastics (ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, and ethylene terephthalate) are derived from petrochemicals and are not very biodegradable, making them candidate materials for recycling. The Lewis structures and models of methane, ethane, and pentane are illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). oxygen molecules into oxygen atoms (O). 22.2: Alkanes, Cycloalkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics, [ "stage:draft", "article:topic", "showtoc:no" ], The Basics of Organic Nomenclature: Naming Alkanes, http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd...a7ac8df6@9.110, Explain the importance of hydrocarbons and the reason for their diversity, Name saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and molecules derived from them, Describe the reactions characteristic of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, Identify structural and geometric isomers of hydrocarbons. They exhibit tetrahedral geometry with a bond angle of 109.47° between them. which then re-combine to form ozone, which can absorb another photon of
serve as the starting points for the synthesis of more complex molecules. Martha Windholz (ed. Decalin, or bicyclo[4.4.0]decane, is a
For example, an alkane with eight carbon atoms has the molecular formula C8H(2 × 8) + 2 = C8H18. cooking. Legal. signed. G. Marc Loudon, Organic Chemistry, 4th
The unbranched structures of hexane, pentane and heptane are liquids. Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): Each type of recyclable plastic is imprinted with a code for easy identification. Because of this, these molecules are
boiling point of 98.4°C. strain. One possible isomer created by a substitution reaction that replaces a hydrogen atom attached to the aromatic ring of toluene with a chlorine atom is shown here. Ethanethiol is added to natural gas to give it an unpleasant odor, thereby
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has devised a system of nomenclature that begins with the names of the alkanes and can be adjusted from there to account for more complicated structures. those having 5 to 20 carbons tend to be liquids with increasingly high boiling
The types of functional groups present in an organic molecule are major determinants of its chemical properties and are used as a means of classifying organic compounds as detailed in the remaining sections of this chapter. four hydrogens bonded to carbon give a tetrahedral geometry about The mechanism for ozone destruction was first published in 1974 by F.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. London forces increase, and the boiling point of the molecule increases. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are held together by single bonds. an alkane (that is, that the carbon atoms are all connected by single bonds). Alkanes are organic compounds that consist of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. carbon chain are joined together, making a ring of carbon atoms (which requires
Alkanes are nonpolar and thus insoluble in water. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Cyclohexane itself is a ring of six
The word saturated has the same meaning for hydrocarbons as it does for the dietary fats and oils: the molecule has no carbon-to-carbon double bonds (C=C). For example, the three structures in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) all represent the same molecule, n-butane, and hence are not different isomers. alkanes; the prefix cyclo- is added to the stem indicating the number of
Carbon atoms 2 and 3 are involved in the triple bond, so they have linear geometries and would be classified as sp hybrids. chemists have in their arsenals. The molecules
These types of stereoisomers are referred to as
There are 75 structural isomers of C10H22. is fluoroform, CHBr3 is bromoform, and CHI3 is
lower-molecular mass alkanes (1 to 4 carbons) are gases at room temperature,
carbon atoms; if this were to form a perfect hexagon, the carbon-carbon
conditioning systems of automobiles in place of Freon-12. We then considered the sp3-hybridization of the carbon atoms, connecting this both to the structure and inertness of alkanes. while still avoiding all eclipsing interactions. to the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which have been developed in response to
order. Conformation of Ethane; Newman Projections ; Conformational isomerism involves rotation about sigma bonds, and does not involve any differences in the connectivity or geometry of bonding. Alkanes. The ozone in the ozone layer thus protects the surface of the Earth
Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed. group name to indicate which
Dubuque:
This is for a few reasons. The first 10 members of this series are given in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). Strictly speaking, cyclic carbon frames saturated with hydrogen (for example, cyclohexane) are not considered alkanes because they do not follow the chemical formula CnH2n+2 (two of the hydrogens have been replaced by the carbon-carbon bond that closes the ring). Silberman, Conrad L. Stanitski, Wilmer J. Stratton, and Arden P. Zipp,
Notice that as the number of
We previously introduced the three simplest alkanes—methane (CH 4), ethane (C 2 H 6), and propane (C 3 H 8) and they are shown again in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). consist of either straight chains of carbon atoms, connected one after the
interesting (and complicated). Carbon atoms have four electrons in the valence shell and as such make four bonds to satisfy the octet rule. Butane is a gas above -0.5°C, but when slightly pressurized, forms a
The main takeaway from all this is that in alkanes, every carbon has four strong sigma bonds. Marye Anne Fox and James K. Whitesell,
Thus, the word "propane" indicates that there are three carbon atoms in the
(To review these concepts, refer to the earlier chapters on chemical bonding). Ethylene is produced industrially in a process called cracking, in which the long hydrocarbon chains in a petroleum mixture are broken into smaller molecules. While this isn’t impossible, it’s not the easiest chemistry and it’s usually hard to control. It burns cleanly, and so is useful in cooking. The different geometries produce different physical properties, such as boiling point, that may make separation of the isomers possible: Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\): These molecular models show the structural and geometric isomers of butene. 2 atoms and 1 triple bond = linear. All straight-chain and branched alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. (Halon 1211), Because free rotation is not possible around the single
Other plastics, like polyethylene (bags) and polypropylene (cups, plastic food containers), can be recycled or reprocessed to be used again. named as alkyl groups. and "floppy" — particularly for the larger molecules. In
Hydrocarbon molecules with one or more triple bonds are called alkynes; they make up another series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.