Nutritionally enhanced transgenic crops are produced using genetic engineering techniques. Thereby, 19 studies were selected. Biotechnology is being used to develop low-cost disease-free planting materials for crops such as cassava, banana and potato and is creating new tools for the diagnosis and treatment of plant and animal diseases and for the measurement and conservation of genetic resources. GALVmed is a nonprofit global alliance for the development of livestock vaccines to improve livelihood in developing countries. While research and development in agricultural biotechnology is still primarily targeted toward genetically modified (GM) foods with improved agronomic traits, research into GM foods with enhanced micronutrient levels is growing. For example, informed decisions regarding dissemination of new knowledge via open publication or protecting it with a patent are clearly important and FTO can be improved if public sector institutions systematically consider how, when, and if to use the patent system to support broad innovation (Boettiger and Chi-Ham, 2007). However, the nature of these developments is raising real concerns about the extent to which agriculture in developing countries will be able to partake in the benefits offered by these advancements (Wright et al., 2007). Not considered a form of genetic engineering, mutagenesis breeding involves the introduction of random mutations to plant cuttings using chemical or irradiation mutagenesis. This study contains a systematic review of the literature on consumer acceptance of, and willingness-to-pay for, GM crops with enhanced vitamin levels. WEMA's key partners include the National Agricultural Research Institutes in Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda; the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center; and Monsanto. Arie Altman, Paul Michael Hasegawa, in Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture, 2012. Although patent owners have rarely been concerned about academic research infringement in agriculture, there are many examples where fundamental biomedical research has been challenged because of IP issues (Marshall, 2002). Hammock, ... T.N. Modern agricultural biotechnology includes a range of tools that scientists employ to understand and manipulate the genetic make-up of organisms for use in the production or processing of agricultural products. A similar trend is noticed in consumer research. As discussed above, it is common when technologies are paid for in developed nations that the technologies are first applied there. An anti-lymphoma vaccine has been made using tobacco plants carrying RNA from cloned malignant B-cells. Three genes, two from daffodils and one from a bacterium, capable of catalyzing four biochemical reactions, were cloned into rice to make it "golden." Farmers and pastoralists have manipulated the genetic make-up of plants and animals since agriculture began more than 10 000 years ago. The benefits to this are savings in time and costs associated with conventional tillage to reduce weeds or multiple applications of different types of herbicides to eliminate specific species of weeds selectively. High-yielding, energy-dense crops can minimize relative costs associated with harvesting and transportation (per unit of energy derived), resulting in higher value fuel products. This exploitation of the natural variation in biological organisms has given us the crops, plantation trees, farm animals and farmed fish of today, which often differ radically from their early ancestors (see Table 1). In a conventional cross, whereby each parent donates half the genetic make-up of the progeny, undesirable traits may be passed on along with the desirable ones, and these undesirable traits may then have to be eliminated through successive generations of breeding. Even when using the patent system, PIPRA encourages its members to reserve rights to use their newest and best technologies for humanitarian purposes, particularly when they issue exclusive commercial licenses (Bennett, 2007). More recently, a new technology known as ‘gene editing’ has come to the forefront. One of the goals of this chapter is to shed light on the freedom-to-operate (FTO) and risk-management issues that are critical to scientists. More recently, agricultural biotechnology has expanded to improve human health, including the design of biofortified and functional food crops. With the world turning to agricultural technologies for solutions, the twenty-first century will witness a major development of genetically improved bioenergy crops that help to mitigate climate change and contribute to the cost-effective production of biofuels (Harfouche et al., 2010).